prof. dr hab. Marek BUGDOL – Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Wydział Zarządzania i Komunikacji Społecznej, ul. prof. St. Łojasiewicza 4, 30-348 Kraków, Polska, e-mail: marek.bugdol@uj.edu.pl
Received 29.11.2025. Accepted 8.12.2025
pp. 2-6
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this article is to determine the extent to which E. Deming’s views on numerical goals are supported by current research. E. Deming opposed setting numerical goals, believing that they led to competition rather than quality improvement.
Design/methodology/approach: The primary method was a literature review, consistent with the procedure proposed by J. W. Creswell. Cause-and-effect analysis was used to identify the key issues related to numerical target settings (their sources and consequences).
Findings: A review of various research findings demonstrates that Deming’s views remain relevant despite the passage of time. A goal that lies beyond the ability to achieve will lead to discouragement, frustration, and demoralization. It is a cause of lower quality.
Research limitations: The content presented in this article applies only to a subset of organizations – specifically those where investors expect quick profits. In small organizations, where the owners are management, such situations may not occur.
Practical implications: The results of the literature review can be useful for improving quality management processes. The practical recommendations formulated – although difficult to implement – can mitigate the negative effects of pressure to achieve numerical goals.
Originality/value: While there are studies on Deming’s views on the concept of management by objectives, there are no works showing the process of exerting pressure on their implementation.
Keywords:
numerical goals, Deming, management by objectives